Accurate visualization of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) is critical for comparative anatomical studies, surgical training, and biomechanical research. This study demonstrates the combined use of cone beam computed tomography (CBCT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and E12 sheet plastination to elucidate the morphology of the porcine TMJ. Fresh TMJ samples were harvested from domestic pigs (Sus scrofa domestica) immediately post-mortem and scanned using CBCT to capture high-resolution images of osseous structures. MRI was subsequently employed to visualize soft tissues, including the articular disc and surrounding ligaments, enabling pre-plastination correlation of bony and soft tissue relationships. Following imaging, the specimens were frozen, serially sectioned into 2–3 mm sheets, and dehydrated through a graded series of acetone through freeze substitution, then impregnated under vacuum with E12 epoxy resin. Finally, the slices were curing. The integrated approach yielded three complementary datasets: (1) CBCT images clearly delineating cortical and trabecular bone architecture, (2) MRI scans highlighting cartilage and synovial structures, and (3) durable, anatomically faithful E12 plastinated slices suitable for direct macroscopic inspection. Correlation of the pre-plastination imaging with the plastinated slices validated both the fidelity of the plastination process and the utility of multimodality imaging. The E12 sheets provided transparent, thin slices that preserved key features of the TMJ, including the articular surfaces, disc, ligaments, and joint capsule, facilitating comparative and functional analyses. This combination of CBCT, MRI, and E12 sheet plastination offers a powerful, integrative method to study the complex anatomy of the porcine TMJ. By fusing high-resolution radiographic data with tangible, anatomically precise plastinated sections, researchers and educators gain comprehensive insights into TMJ morphology, enabling enhanced comparative anatomical research, surgical planning, and teaching applications.

Medical knowledge and skills must start from a basic anatomical knowledge. This work is developed after identifying the occurrence of adverse events in clinical and surgical procedures due to ignorance of anatomical bases. The purpose is to evaluate the implementation of simulating the necessary skills to carry out these procedures in formalin-fixed cadaveric dissections during annual rotation course with undergraduate students. We performed a statistical, retrospective, and observational analysis of the technique and adverse events that occurred in the procedures of placement of oropharyngeal cannula, placement of mask with reservoir, orotracheal intubation, puncture of the cricothyroid membrane, chest puncture, placement of a chest tube, in formalin-fixed cadaveric dissections with the participation of 73 students during the annual rotation course at the School of Medicine in the Universidad de Buenos Aires from March to December 2022. Out of the students who performed the procedures, 95.89% performed a satisfactory placement of an oropharyngeal cannula in the first attempt. 98.63% practiced the placement of a mask with reservoir and oropharyngeal device simultaneously correctly in the first attempt. 47.95% of presented no adverse events in puncture of the cricothyroid membrane on the first attempt. Regarding orotracheal intubation, 10.96% presented no adverse events on the first attempt. 89.04% who had adverse events made a second attempt. 86.3% performed a successful chest puncture on the first attempt. Finally, chest tube placement was successfully performed in 28.77% on the first attempt. Anatomical knowledge is essential for its application in clinical and surgical skills ensuring the prevention, reduction of risk and development of a culture of safety and quality of patient care.

The purpose of this study was to analyze the validity of the proposed triune brain hypothesis, which appears in various neuroanatomical and neuroscientific literature. To this end, several modern texts published between 2015 and 2025 were randomly and conveniently reviewed to determine whether terms related to this theory were still in use. All texts evaluated revealed the continued use of terminology that supports the outdated popular theory of the triune brain, thus categorizing it as a neuromyth. This is because humans do not possess brain parts from other species, and mammalian species do not increase in complexity linearly, but rather evolve from common ancestors.

The anterior jugular venous system is known for its marked anatomical variability, with descriptions of its variations dating back to early anatomical studies. A thorough understanding of these variations is essential for clinicians performing invasive procedures in the anterior cervical region. During a routine dissection at the Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, University of the Republic in Montevideo, Uruguay, an atypical anterior jugular venous configuration was encountered. This case was notable for the presence of numerous venous trunks, all ultimately draining into the right subclavian vein. The dissection focused on the anterior cervical region, with detailed examination of each component of the anterior jugular venous system and their respective terminations. The subject was an 80-year-old cadaver weighing approximately 45 kg, previously preserved in formaldehyde. Standard surgical instruments were used for the dissection, measurements were obtained with an electronic caliper, and photographic documentation was performed using a Nikon D500 camera. The dissection revealed multiple anterior jugular venous trunks: three on the right and two on the left. These vessels originated from various sources, including the external jugular vein, facial vein, thyrolinguofacial venous trunk, and submental veins. All ultimately converged to form a common trunk draining into the right subclavian vein. Anatomical variations of the anterior jugular system are frequent and can pose challenges during clinical and surgical procedures involving the cervical region. Awareness of such variants is critical to minimize the risk of iatrogenic injury, particularly during the placement of central or peripheral venous catheters or surgical approaches such as the presternocleidomastoid route. This case underscores the importance of detailed anatomical knowledge in ensuring safe and effective interventions in the neck.

Revascularization allows the restoration of blood flow to a brain territory deprived of it, and a solid knowledge of cerebral vascular anatomy forms the foundation for mastering this practice. The aim of this study was to describe the main anatomical elements involved in the occipital artery-posterior inferior cerebellar artery technique and to briefly present the anastomosis procedure in cadaveric preparations. Four heads with cerebellums fixed in 5 % formalin were used. The dissections were carried out with left-hand forceps, scissors, 9-0 sutures, a high-resolution photographic camera, microdissection instruments, latex, and resin. The dissection of the occipital artery and the posterior inferior cerebellar artery (PICA) corresponded to classical anatomical and neurosurgical descriptions. Each segment of the PICA and its relationships with posterior fossa neural structures were exposed. The bypass performed in cadaveric preparations highlighted the importance of acquiring this skill through laboratory training before clinical application. The dissections allowed visualization of the vertebral artery with its segments V1–V4; the PICA with its five segments, anterior medullary, lateral medullary, amygdalo-medullary, telo-velo-tonsillar, and cortical; and the occipital artery with its three segments, oblique ascending, transverse, and vertical ascending. Both in the initial approach and during intraoperative microsurgical dissection, preserving the integrity of these vessels requires significant technical expertise, which can only be achieved through repeated laboratory practice. In summary, vascular neuroanatomy revealed the detailed segmentation of the occipital and PICA arteries, confirming their anatomical relationships with neural structures such as the pons, medulla, fourth ventricle, and cerebellum. The bypass practice in cadaveric specimens demonstrated that it is possible to successfully develop the technique under the microscope, reinforcing the necessity of laboratory training before performing it in the operating room with patients.